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Its purpose is to produce a single reliable, representative value that is robust against dirty, faulty, or noisy sensors.",[191,206,207,208,211],{},"It is the value used, for example, by ",[209,210,85],"a",{"href":86}," as the reference irradiation, and shown in the realtime views.",[213,214],"hr",{},[216,217,219],"h2",{"id":218},"where-it-starts-the-technical-sensors","Where it starts: the technical sensors",[191,221,222,223,226,227,230],{},"Each photovoltaic plant can have several irradiation sensors. In ",[209,224,225],{"href":167},"Wizard Plants → Sensors"," some of them can be marked as ",[194,228,229],{},"Technical",": these are the reference sensors, considered trustworthy for the calculation.",[191,232,233,234,237],{},"The plant irradiation calculation uses ",[194,235,236],{},"only the irradiation sensors marked as technical",". Non-technical sensors are ignored.",[239,240,241,242,244],"tip",{},"This is why at least one irradiation sensor must be marked ",[194,243,229],{},": without one, plant irradiation cannot be calculated.",[213,246],{},[216,248,250],{"id":249},"how-the-readings-are-combined","How the readings are combined",[191,252,253],{},"At each instant, the system takes the readings of the technical sensors (on the same time base as the computed value) and picks the most representative value through a series of checks, in order:",[255,256,257,272,282,300,351],"ol",{},[258,259,260,263,264,267,268,271],"li",{},[194,261,262],{},"Validity"," — readings that are ",[194,265,266],{},"missing"," or flagged as ",[194,269,270],{},"invalid"," by the system are discarded (a data-quality flag, independent of the value).",[258,273,274,277,278,281],{},[194,275,276],{},"Physical plausibility"," — among the valid readings, only those with a value in ",[194,279,280],{},"0–1500 W\u002Fm²"," are kept: this excludes off-scale numbers produced by faulty or miscalibrated sensors.",[258,283,284,287,288,291,292,295,296,299],{},[194,285,286],{},"Daylight"," — only readings between ",[194,289,290],{},"sunrise and sunset"," are considered, to prevent night-time noise from polluting the value. Sunrise and sunset are computed with the ",[194,293,294],{},"NOAA"," solar algorithm from the plant coordinates; without valid coordinates a fixed ",[194,297,298],{},"06:00–18:00 UTC"," window is used and, in polar conditions (sun always above or below the horizon), nothing is excluded.",[258,301,302,305,306,309,310,314,315,318,319,322,323,326,327,330,331,334,335,338,339,341,342,346,347,350],{},[194,303,304],{},"Outlier rejection (Chauvenet's criterion)"," — applied only with ",[194,307,308],{},"more than 2"," valid readings: with ",[311,312,313],"code",{},"μ"," the mean and ",[311,316,317],{},"σ"," the ",[194,320,321],{},"population"," standard deviation (dividing by ",[311,324,325],{},"N","), a reading ",[311,328,329],{},"x"," is discarded if ",[311,332,333],{},"erfc( |x − μ| \u002F (σ·√2) ) \u003C 1 \u002F (2N)",", where ",[311,336,337],{},"erfc"," is the complementary error function. If ",[311,340,317],{}," is zero, or if the criterion would discard ",[343,344,345],"em",{},"all"," readings, nothing is discarded; with ",[194,348,349],{},"2 or fewer"," readings the step does not apply.",[258,352,353,356,357,360,361,364,365,368],{},[194,354,355],{},"Final value"," — the ",[194,358,359],{},"median"," of the surviving readings (with an ",[194,362,363],{},"even"," number of readings, the ",[194,366,367],{},"actual reading"," closest to the average of the two central ones, so as to preserve its timestamp and metadata): more stable than the average and not skewed by a single off-scale sensor.",[191,370,371,372,375,376,379],{},"The computed value is tagged with the ",[311,373,374],{},"VireoXcube (Computed)"," agent and carries a short ",[194,377,378],{},"diagnostic"," (which sensor was selected, how many readings were valid, how many survived, and which sensors were rejected), useful to understand how it was obtained.",[239,381,382,383,386,387,389],{},"With these details the value is ",[194,384,385],{},"verifiable",": by downloading the individual technical sensors' series from ",[209,388,44],{"href":45}," and applying the same rules you obtain the plant irradiation again.",[213,391],{},[216,393,395],{"id":394},"time-series","Time series",[191,397,398,399,402,403,406,407,410,411,414],{},"For charts and analyses over a time range the logic is ",[194,400,401],{},"the same",", applied point by point after a ",[194,404,405],{},"temporal alignment",": the technical sensors' readings are grouped into ",[194,408,409],{},"1-second"," windows, keeping for each sensor the ",[194,412,413],{},"latest"," reading of each window; the rules described above are then applied to each window. The grouping absorbs the small misalignments between sensor timestamps that would otherwise produce a \"zigzag\" signal.",[213,416],{},[216,418,420],{"id":419},"plant-irradiation-vs-inverter-irradiation","Plant irradiation vs inverter irradiation",[422,423,424,429],"ul",{},[258,425,426,428],{},[194,427,182],{}," — the single, filtered value described on this page, computed from the technical sensors.",[258,430,431,434],{},[194,432,433],{},"Inverter irradiation"," — each inverter can be linked to a specific irradiation sensor; if none is linked, the inverter falls back to the irradiation of the plant's control device. It does not apply the statistical filter: its purpose is to have the reference closest to the individual inverter.",{"title":436,"searchDepth":437,"depth":438,"links":439},"",2,3,[440,441,442,443],{"id":218,"depth":437,"text":219},{"id":249,"depth":437,"text":250},{"id":394,"depth":437,"text":395},{"id":419,"depth":437,"text":420},"How plant irradiation is calculated from the technical sensors","md",null,{},"\u002Fen\u002Fcomponents\u002Firradiation",{"title":182,"description":444},"en\u002Fcomponents\u002Firradiation","9ZaYoPisQep4ukHCpwGanVMA9c63k3B3JV064pvhZK4",[446,446],1790665982740]